BGMod Documentation / v3
BGMod handbook

Hydraulics

Component reference · matches the Elements library.

Hydraulics → Primitives / AdvancedPressure [Pa]Flow [m³/s]

Pressure is gauge pressure relative to reference_pressure_abs (default 101325 Pa). Accumulator precharge and initial gas pressure are absolute.

Primitives

Expand a component for its equation, parameters and initial state. Defaults match insertion from the library.

0Common pressureEqual gauge pressure; local volume flows balance.

Equal gauge pressure; local volume flows balance.

Ports: p1, p2, …

p₁ = p₂ = …; Σ Q_local = 0
Parameters
No coefficient or stored state. At least two connected bonds. Junction endpoint signs follow the connection order; reversing a power arrow does not rewire it.
Defaults
—
Classic element 0Classic junction; three bonds are shown, but the number of ports can vary.0p1p2p3
Classic junction; three bonds are shown, but the number of ports can vary. Causal strokes are omitted; see notation and signs.
1Common flowCommon reference volume flow; signed pressures balance.

Common reference volume flow; signed pressures balance.

Ports: p1, p2, …

directionᵢ · Qᵢ = Q_ref; Σ sᵢ pᵢ = 0
Parameters
No coefficient or stored state. At least two connected bonds. Junction endpoint signs follow the connection order; reversing a power arrow does not rewire it.
Defaults
—
Classic element 1Classic junction; three bonds are shown, but the number of ports can vary.1p1p2p3
Classic junction; three bonds are shown, but the number of ports can vary. Causal strokes are omitted; see notation and signs.
RResistanceLinear pressure loss, such as an idealized throttle.Pa·s/m³

Linear pressure loss, such as an idealized throttle.

Ports: H

p = R Q_local; P_loss = R Q_local²
Parameters
value > 0; constant linear coefficient.
Defaults
value = 100000.0 · Pa·s/m³
Classic element RClassic one-port element with no further internal graph. One bond carries effort and flow relative to the domain reference.HRe, f
Classic one-port element with no further internal graph. One bond carries effort and flow relative to the domain reference. Causal strokes are omitted; see notation and signs.
CComplianceConstant hydraulic compliance; stores generalized liquid volume.m³/Pa

Constant hydraulic compliance; stores generalized liquid volume.

Ports: H

dq/dt = Q_local; p = q/C; E = q²/(2C)
Parameters
value > 0; constant linear coefficient.
Defaults
value = 1e-05, initial = 0 · m³/Pa
Initial state
Stored volume q₀ [m³]; q₀ = C·p₀. This is not necessarily the chamber’s total volume. initial = 0.
Classic element CClassic one-port element with no further internal graph. One bond carries effort and flow relative to the domain reference.HCe, f
Classic one-port element with no further internal graph. One bond carries effort and flow relative to the domain reference. Causal strokes are omitted; see notation and signs.
IInertanceConstant fluid inertance; stores pressure momentum.Pa·s²/m³

Constant fluid inertance; stores pressure momentum.

Ports: H

dΓ/dt = p; Q_local = Γ/I; E = Γ²/(2I)
Parameters
value > 0; constant linear coefficient.
Defaults
value = 50000.0, initial = 0 · Pa·s²/m³
Initial state
Pressure momentum Γ₀ [Pa·s]; Γ₀ = I·Q_local(0). initial = 0.
Classic element IClassic one-port element with no further internal graph. One bond carries effort and flow relative to the domain reference.HIe, f
Classic one-port element with no further internal graph. One bond carries effort and flow relative to the domain reference. Causal strokes are omitted; see notation and signs.
SePressure sourcePrescribed gauge pressure; 0 Pa represents the reference tank.Pa

Prescribed gauge pressure; 0 Pa represents the reference tank.

Ports: H

p = u(t)
Parameters
Constant: value. Step: value before time, after at and after time; time ≥ 0 s. Values may have either sign. No stored state.
Defaults
value = 100, waveform = constant · Pa
Classic element SeClassic one-port element with no further internal graph. One bond carries effort and flow relative to the domain reference.HSee, f
Classic one-port element with no further internal graph. One bond carries effort and flow relative to the domain reference. Causal strokes are omitted; see notation and signs.
SfFlow sourcePrescribed volume flow supplied to the network.m³/s

Prescribed volume flow supplied to the network.

Ports: H

Q_local = −u(t)
Parameters
Constant: value. Step: value before time, after at and after time; time ≥ 0 s. Values may have either sign. No stored state. Positive input supplies flow out of the source, so inward local flow is negative.
Defaults
value = 0.001, waveform = constant · m³/s
Classic element SfClassic one-port element with no further internal graph. One bond carries effort and flow relative to the domain reference.HSfe, f
Classic one-port element with no further internal graph. One bond carries effort and flow relative to the domain reference. Causal strokes are omitted; see notation and signs.
TFIdeal hydraulic transformer1

Ports: P, S

pP = n·pS; QS_local = −n·QP_local
pP·QP_local + pS·QS_local = 0

P/S ports belong to the selected physical domain. Enter a finite dimensionless n > 0, default 1. Local flows enter both ports. With input at P and output at S, output effort is input effort / n and output flow is n × input flow. TF neither stores nor dissipates energy; exactly one port supplies effort.

Pressure is relative to reference_pressure_abs. Represents ideal pressure conversion; leakage, friction and stroke limits are excluded.

P → TF:n → S

Example, physical sketch and verification

MRModulated resistancePa·s/m³

Ports: H · u

Q_H = u p_H / R_open

One hydraulic power port H, like R, plus dimensionless control input u (0–1). At u = 0 the passage closes; at u = 1 the resistance is R_open. Default R_open = 10⁷ Pa·s/m³. No stored state.

Control signal and examples

Advanced

Pumps

7A pumpS: Hydraulics, P: Hydraulics

Storage

Gas accumulatorH: HydraulicsOpen liquid tankOpenTank · H

Actuators

Double-acting cylinderA: Hydraulics, B: Hydraulics, M: Translational mechanicsMultiphysics · shared reference

Lines / control

Check valve1 → 2 · CheckValveLine resistanceH1: Hydraulics, H2: HydraulicsMR2 · Two-port modulated resistanceIN · OUT · SignalFilter with bypassIN · OUT · bypass (0/1)Pressure relief valveP · T · relief (0/1)2/2 solenoid valveP · A · u (0/1)4/3 directional valveP: Hydraulics, T: Hydraulics, A: Hydraulics, B: Hydraulics

Advanced membership follows exposed port domains. The cylinder appears in Hydraulics and Translational mechanics. The pump curve has no electrical port; the gas accumulator has no thermal port.